|
A
|
| Abbreviation |
Shortened form of a word. |
| Acronym |
Word formed from the initial letters
of other words, often replaces the original longer title. |
| Addendum |
Addition after a work has been printed. |
| ADP(EDP) |
Automatic (electronic)
data processing by electronic systems. |
| Against the Grain |
Folding paper at right
angles to the grain of the paper. |
| Agate Line |
Little used standard of
measurement for depth of advertising columns (mainly in press).
There are 5.5 agate lines per column centimetre. |
| Airbrush |
Compressed air gun, shaped
like a pencil that mainly sprays watercolour, thin tempera, ink
or transparent dye pigment. |
| Air Knife Coating |
A method of coating used
in papermaking. The coating mixture is applied by a metal roller
and distributed by a thin, flat jet of air from a slot in a metal
blade extending across the machine. |
| Alterations |
Changes made to copy after
it has been set in type. |
| Ampersand |
The symbol for "and". |
| Antique |
Book paper having the appearance
of hand-made paper. |
| Aperture Card (Slide Frame) |
Holder which frames a transparency,
as in microfilming or for projection. |
| Arabic Figures |
Numerals in normal use:
1, 2, 3 Roman figures are: i, ii iii. |
| Art Paper |
Paper, usually of high
gloss, coated with china clay. |
| Artwork |
Drawings, lettering and
general ornamentation prepared by the artist in final form for
reproduction. |
| Ascender |
That part of the letter
which rises above the main type body, as in "b" |
| Asterisk |
First of the six reference
marks. (*) |
| Author's Corrections |
Corrections made by the
author to modify a proof of the original copy. |
| Author's Proof |
Proof showing corrections
made by the author or editor. |
| Autolithography |
Lithography from plates
prepared or drawn by hand, now usually a form of fine art for
limited edition prints. |
| Automatic Typewriter |
Typewriter designed to
respond to commands from a control unit or tape. |
|
|
|
B
|
| Back |
Inner margin of a page. |
| Backbone |
Back of a bound book connecting
the two covers; also called spine. |
| Back Lining |
Paper or fabric adhering
to the backbone or spine in a hard case book. |
| Backing |
Binding operation to consolidate
the back of a book. |
| Backing Up |
Printing the reverse side
of a sheet already printed on one side. In electrotyping, backing
a copper shell with metal to make the plate the required thickness. |
| Bad Break |
Typesetting the last part
of a hyphenated word to appear as the first word on a page. Also,
incorrect word hyphenation. |
| Bank Paper |
Thin, tough writing paper,
usually less than 61 gsm in weight. |
| Banker |
Envelope with the opening
on its longer dimension. |
| Base |
Metal below the shoulder
of type. The block on which letterpress printing plates are mounted
to make them "type high". |
| Bastard Title |
See Half-title. |
| Bearer |
In photoengraving, the dead
metal left on a plate to protect the printing surface while moulding.
In composition, type-high slugs locked up inside a chase (Q.V.)
to protect the printing surface. In presses, the surface-to-surface
ends of cylinders that come in to contact with each other. |
| Beating |
Beating to mesh the pulp fibres
in papermaking so that the fibres produce the desired quality
of paper. |
| Bed |
Base on which the type rests
on a flat-bed letterpress printing machine. |
| Benday |
Trade name for a method of
laying a screen (dots, lines and other textures) on artwork or
plates to obtain various tone and shading effects. |
| Bible Paper |
Thin printing paper (India
paper) used for the Bible and other works to reduce bulk. |
| Bibliography |
List of reference books included
in a book. |
| Bimetal Plate |
Lithographic plate in which
the printing image base is copper or brass and the non-printing
area is aluminium, stainless steel, or chromium. |
| Binary Notation |
Numerical system which
forms the basis of computer mathematics. Only two digits are used,
"0" and "1". |
| Binders' Board |
Paper board used in making
the cover of a cased book. |
| Bit |
Contraction of "binary
digit"; the binary notation has only two digits, "0"
and "1" |
| Bite |
In photoengraving, the
various stages of acid etching, the depth increasing after each
bite. |
| Black-and-White |
Originals or reproductions
printed in black (as distinct from multicolour) . |
| Black Letter |
Old English or Fraktur
type classification. |
| Black Printe |
In colour reproduction,
the black plate, which adds contrast, depth and detail to colour
illustrations. |
| Blade Coating |
A method of coating in
papermaking. The mixture is applied to the surface by rollers
to give a thin, level coating. Excess is removed by a thin flexible
metal blade as it smoothes the surface. Differs from air knife
coating. |
| Blanket |
In offset lithography,
a flexible fabric clamped around the cylinder, which transfers
the image from plate to paper. |
| Bleaching |
Papermaking process to
whiten cellulose fibres. |
| Bleed |
Where the image extends
to the edge of a printed sheet, without leaving a border. |
| Blind P |
See Paragraph Mark. |
| Blind Image |
In lithography, a plate
image that has lost its ink receptivity. |
| Blind Stamp (Emboss) |
Design which is stamped
or embossed without gold leaf or ink, giving a bas-relief effect. |
| Block |
See Line Block and Halftone
Block. Also see Gold Block. |
| Blocking |
Lettering or ornamentation
impressed into a stock or the cover of a book. |
| Blocking Out |
Eliminating backgrounds
or other portions on a negative by opaquing or masking out. |
| Blowup |
Enlargement. |
| Blue Key |
Blueprint of a basic design
on glass or a vinyl plastic sheet which contains all elements
with register marks. |
| Blueprint |
In offset lithography and
photoengraving, a negative or positive photoprint on paper used
as a proof. |
| Body |
In inkmaking, a term referring
to the viscosity, consistency, or covering power. E.g. ink with
too much body is stiff. |
| Blurb |
Publisher's description
of a book, printed on a dust jacket or elsewhere. |
| Body Matter |
Text matter (as distinct
from display) . |
| Body Size |
Depth of a type as distinct
from its face size. |
| Body Type |
Type used for the text
of a book, as distinguished from the headings. |
| Bold-Face Type |
Type that is heavier than
the text type with which it is used. |
| Bolts |
Closed edges of a folded
sheet which are opened by trimming or slitting. Bond Paper writing
or printing paper where strength, durability and permanence are
required. Used for letterheads, business forms, stationery etc. |
| Book Paper |
General term used to define
a class or group of papers having common physical characteristics
that, in general, are most suitable for book production. |
| Border |
Continuous rule or decorative
design bordering a type or illustration area or advertisement. |
| Box |
Type area enclosed by rules. |
| Brace |
Connecting device for two
or more lines of type. |
| Brackets |
Square brackets or parentheses
used as a grammatical device. |
| Break for Colour |
In artwork and composition,
to separate the parts to be printed in different colours. |
| Brightness |
In photography, light reflected
by the subject, used to determine exposure. In paper, the reflectance
of brilliance of the paper. |
| Bristol Board |
White artists' board with
a high quality surface, used for line drawings. |
| Broadsheet |
Standard imperial sheet
size of paper Also a large single sheet printed on one side only
(poster). |
| Brochure |
Pamphlet bound in the form
of a booklet. |
| Bromide |
A contraction of photo
bromide. An accepted part of the language of advertising. Means
black and white photoprint, usually of type, logo or packs, but
loosely covers any black and white photograph. See Repro Bromide |
| Bronzing |
Printing with a sizing
ink, then applying bronze or gold powder while still wet to produce
a metallic lustre. |
| Brownprint |
Brown photograph on special
photographic paper, used for proofing when exposed to sunlight.
The image is impermanent unless fixed. |
| Brush Coating |
A method of applying coating
(pigment and adhesive) to paper by cylindrical brushes or metal
rollers. The coating is smoothed by means of oscillating flat
brushes on the web as it is drawn tightly over a moving rubber
apron or a revolving drum. |
| Bulk |
Thickness of paper. |
| Burnishing |
In photoengraving, treatment
of a printing plate to darken local areas by spreading the printing
surface of lines and dots. |
| Burst Binding |
A form of binding similar
to perfect binding (Q.V.) . |
|
|
|
C
|
| Calender |
Stack of horizontal cast
iron or steel rolls at the end of a paper machine. The paper is
passed between the rolls to increase the smoothness and gloss
of its surface. |
| Caliper |
Thickness of paper, expressed
in microns. |
| Calligraphy |
Letters written with a
quill-shaped pen. |
| Camera-Ready Copy |
Complete copy which a printer
uses as am original for making a printing plate without further
work being necessary. |
| Caps |
Capital letters. |
| Caps and Small Caps |
Words with the initial
letters in capitals and the other letters in small capitals. |
| Caption |
Term applied to the explanatory
text accompanying an illustration. |
| Carbro |
Photograph in full colour,
used for process colour reproduction. |
| Caret |
Editing symbol to indicate
that something is to be inserted. |
| Cartridge Paper |
Tough paper, usually with
a rough surface often used for drawing. |
| Case |
In bookbinding, the covers
of a hard bound book. |
| Case-Bound |
Books bound in stiff boards
covered by fabric or other material. |
| Casing-ln |
Insertion of the text contents
of a book into the cover boards when binding. |
| Cast Coated |
Coated paper dried under
pressure against a polished cylinder to produce a highly glossed,
mirror-like finish. |
| Casting Off |
Calculating the number
of lines of type the typescript or manuscript will make in a predetermined
size. |
| Catch Line |
Headline used to identify
the contents of galley proofs. A precis of the following material. |
| Catching Up |
Indicates that the non-image
areas of a lithographic press plate are inking up. |
| Chain Marks |
Lines on laid paper, parallel
with grain, usually about one inch apart. |
| Chalking |
Improper drying of ink.
Pigment dusts off because the ink solution vehicle has been absorbed
too rapidly into the paper. |
| Character Count |
The basis of most typographic
decisions. The number of characters in a block of text can help
to determine the selection of typeface, type size and type area. |
| Chase |
Metal frame in which type
and plates are securely locked for letterpress printing. |
| Chemical Wood Paper |
Paper made from wood pulp
treated chemically to remove the lignin. See Papermaking. |
| Circular Screen |
Circular-shaped halftone
screen which enables the camera operator to obtain proper screen
angles for colour halftones without disturbing the copy. |
| Clean Proof |
Printers proof which requires
no corrections. |
| Close Up |
Remove word or line spacing. |
| Coated Paper |
Paper with a surface coating
to produce a smooth finish either matt or gloss. |
| Cold Type |
Type set by direct-impression
method or by photocomposing machines. These pro do not use hot
metal. |
| Collate |
To bring sections of a
work together correct sequence. |
| Collotype |
Method of high quality
screenless printing using a plate consisting of a gelatine coating
on glass. Suitable for short runs on |
| Colophon |
An ornamental tail-piece
once used in books. The title-page now carries this information. |
| Colour Correction |
Masking, dot-etching, or
re-etching, used to improve the quality of colour rendition. |
| Colour Filter |
Sheet of dyed glass, gelatin,
plastic or dyed gelatin cemented between glass plates, used in
photography to absorb certain colours and permit better rendition
of others. Essential to the old colour separation process cameras
now largely replaced by scanners. |
| Colour Proofs |
See Progressive Proofs. |
| Colour Separation |
Separation of the colours
making up a full colour original, usually into the three primaries
plus black, each of which will be reproduced by a separate printing
plate. Additional colours are often needed for fine art reproduction.
Modern colour separation systems use laser scanners controlled
by computers. An artist can pre-separate by using separate overlays
for each colour. |
| Column Rule |
Rule used to separate vertical
columns of type in text or in tabulations. |
| Com |
Computer output microfilm.
Material produced in microform from computer input. |
| Combination Plate |
In photoengraving, halftone
and line work combined on one plate: etched for both halftone
and line depth. |
| Composing |
Setting type. |
| Composing Stick |
A hand tool in which type
is assembled and justified. |
| Compositor |
Tradesman typesetter. |
| Concertina Fold |
Term used for two or more
parallel paper folds which open in concertina fashion. |
| Condensed Type Face |
A typeface in which the
normal width of letters has been reduced. Useful for words displayed
in a narrow space. |
| Contact Print |
Photographic print made
from negative or positive in contact with sensitised paper, film,
or printing plate. |
| Contact Screen |
Halftone screen on film
having a dot structure of predetermined density, used in vacuum
contact with photographic film. Used with photocopiers where continuous
tone prints are involved and for facsimile transmission. |
| Contents |
List of chapter titles,
main headings or other divisions of a book inserted in the preliminary
pages before the main text. |
| Continuous Tone |
Photographic image which
has not been screened and contains gradient tones from black to
white. |
| Contoured |
See Cut-out Halftone. |
| Contraction |
Shortened form of a word
which ends in the same letter as the word itself. |
| Contour |
To remove the original
photographic image from around a given area by following the shape
of the subject so that the surround is white when printed. |
| Contrast |
Tonal gradation between
highlights and shadows in an original or reproduction. |
| Copy |
Typewritten manuscript,
pictures, artwork etc., to be used in the production of printing. |
| Copyboard |
Frame to hold original
copy while it is being photographed by the process camera. |
| Copyfitting |
In composition, checking
type size, arrangement, or content of copy to fit a given area. |
| Copy Preparation |
In photomechanical processes,
directions as to desired size and other details for illustrations
and the arrangement into proper position of various parts of the
page to be photographed for reproduction. In typesetting, the
checking of original copy to ensure a minimum of changes after
type is set. |
| Counters |
Enclosed spaces within
a letter, e.g. the loop of the lower case "e" |
| Cover Paper |
Papers used for the outside
covers of catalogues, brochures and booklets. |
| CPU |
Central processing unit.
Components of a data processing system, comprising the arithmetical
and logical circuits and the control unit which initiates instructions. |
| Cropping |
Trimming or masking of
unwanted portions of an illustration. |
| Crossline Screen (Glass Screen) |
In halftone photography,
a grid pattern with opaque lines crossing each other at right
angles, thus forming transparent squares or "screen apertures". |
| Crossmarks |
Register marks for accurate
positioning of images in step-and-repeat, double or multicolour
printing; also in superimposing overlays onto a base or to each
other. |
| Crown |
Imperial paper size measuring
20" x 15" (50.8 cm x 38.1 cm). |
| CRT |
Cathode ray tube, similar
to a television screen, used to generate images in computer typesetting
and to display information. |
| Crystallisation |
Condition in which a dried
ink film repels a second ink which must be printed on top of it. |
| CTS |
Computer typesetting. The
generic term used to describe the operations undertaken by computers
to assist in the process of typesetting. |
| Curl |
In paper, distortion of
the unrestrained sheet due to differences in structure or coatings
from one side to the other. The curl side is the concave side
of the sheet. |
| Cursive |
Italic types. So called
because of its broad similarity to the handwritten form. |
| Curved Plate |
In letterpress, an electrotype
or stereotype, backed up to proper thickness and precurved to
fit the cylinder of a rotary press. |
| Cut |
In letterpress, a photoengraving
of any kind. |
| Cut-ln Illustration |
Illustration occupying
less than a page width with type set alongside it. |
| Cut-out Halftone |
Halftone illustration from
which the background has been removed. Often referred to as "contoured" |
| Cutscore |
In die-cutting, a sharp-edged
knife, usually several centimetres lower than the cutting rules
in a die, made to cut part way into paper or board to facilitate
folding. |
| Cyan |
The blue green component
of the standard four-colour printing colours. |
|
|
|
D
|
| Dagger |
Second of the reference
marks, following the asterisk. Also known as the obelisk. |
| Dampeners |
In lithography, cloth-covered,
parchment paper or rubber (bare back) rollers that distribute
the dampening solution to the press plate. |
| Dandy Roll |
In papermaking a wire cylinder
on papermaking machines that makes water- marks or wove or laid
effects which can he seen by holding paper up to the light. Used
in the ù manufacture of better grades of business and book papers. |
| DataBank |
Storage of information
for subsequent processing. e.g. Computer typesetting systems carry
large databanks of type styles, sizes and storage of material
which has been set. |
| Deboss |
A plate sunk image. |
| Decimal Point |
True decimal point, sometimes
referred to as the waisted point. For general purposes a dot on
the line (a full stop or a one- dot leader) is preferred to the
true decimal point. |
| Deckle Edge |
Untrimmed feather edge
of a sheet of paper formed where the pulp flows against the deckle.
A characteristic of hand-made paper. |
| Deep Etch |
In offset lithography,
a positive working plate used for long runs where areas are slightly
recessed below the surface. In photo engraving, an additional
etch given to relief plates to ensure that non-printing areas
not receive ink. |
| Deep Page |
A page with one or more
extra lines. |
| Demy |
Imperial paper size measuring
22.5" x l7.5" (57.15 cm x 44.45 cm). |
| Densitometer |
Photoelectric instrument
which measures the density of photographic images, or of colours.
Used in colour printing and quality control to determine accurately
whether colours are consistent throughout the run. The densitometer
reads the solid colour bars to be seen on the untrimmed printing
sheet. |
| Density (Apparent Density) |
Weight per unit volume
of a sheet of paper, calculated by dividing the grammage by the
thickness (caliper) expressed as g/cm3, the lower the density,
the greater the bulk. |
| Dermatitis |
Skin disease, characterised
by an itching rash or swelling; can be caused by photographic
developers, chromium compounds and solvents. |
| Descender |
That part of the letter
which extends below the main body, as in "p". |
| Desensitiser |
In lithographic platemaking,
making non-image areas of a plate non-receptive to ink through
chemical treatment of the metal In photography, an agent for decreasing
the sensitivity of photographic emulsion to facilitate development
under comparatively bright light. |
| Developer |
In photography, the chemical
agent and the process employed to render photographic images visible
after exposure to light. In Iithographic platemaking, the material
used to remove unlighthardened coating. |
| Diazo |
Copying or colouring process
using a compound decomposed by light. |
| Didone |
Type face classification
using the Standard Type Classification system. Used to describe
types where there is a marked contrast between thick and thin
strokes such as Bodoni, Corvinus and others. |
| Didot |
European point size. The
Didot point measures 0.3759 mm (0.0148 "). Twelve Didot points
equal one Cicero. |
| Die-Stamping |
Printing from images engraved
into copper or steel. |
| Digesting |
The process by which softwood
chips are "cooked" with chemicals to produce pulp for
paper manufacture. |
| Dimensional Stability |
Resistance of paper or
film to dimensional changes with changes in moisture content. |
| Diphthong |
Two vowels joined together,
ae etc. |
| Direct Screen Halftone |
In colour separation, a
halftone negative made by direct exposure of a colour image through
a halftone screen. |
| Discretionary Hyphen |
Hyphen inserted at the
discretion of a computer operator |
| Display |
Type used for headings.
titles, advertisements etc. |
| Display Type |
In composition, type set
larger than text. |
| Distributing Roller |
Rubber covered roller which
conveys ink from the fountain to the ink drum of a printing press. |
| Doctor Blade |
In gravure, a knife-edge
blade pressed against the engraved printing cylinder to wipe excess
ink from non-printing areas. |
| Dot |
The basic constituent of
a halftone. |
| Double Dagger |
The third of the reference
marks; it follows the dagger. |
| Double Dot Halftone |
In lithography, two half-
tone negatives combined into one printing plate, adding greater
tonal range than conventional halftones. One negative reproduces
highlights and shadows: the other reproduces middletones. |
| DPI |
Dots per inch. A measure
of degree of resolution of a printed image. Standard laser printers
print 300 dpi, Linotronics up to 3000 dpi. |
| Draw Down |
In inkmaking, the ink chemist's
method of roughly determining colour shade. Ink is placed on paper
and drawn with the edge of a spatula to get a thin film of ink. |
| Drier |
In inkmaking, a substance
added to hasten the drying of the printed sheet. |
| Dropout |
Halftone with no screen
dots in the highlights. |
| Drop Shadow |
A tone of colour, or line,
which falls on one side of horizontal and vertical parts of type,
as would a shadow on a three dimensional object. |
| Ductor Roller |
In lithography, the roller
in both the inking and dampening mechanism on a press which alternately
contacts fountain roller and vibrating drum roller. |
| Dropped lnitial |
Initial capital which extends
below the first line of the text, lining up at its top with the
first line of a chapter. |
| Dull Finish |
A paper finish with little
or no gloss. |
| Dummy |
Sample of the proposed
work prepared before printing to assist in assessing design and
estimating production requirements. A binder's dummy is made to
establish the exact dimensions of the bound book. |
| Duotone |
Halftone printed using
black and colour halftones, or in any two colours. |
| Duplex Paper |
Paper having a different
colour or finish on either side. |
| Duplicator Paper |
Smooth, hard-surfaced paper
made for use on spirit duplicators. |
| Dust Jacket |
Wrapper around a case-bound
book to protect the binding. |
| Dyeline |
Proof prepared photographically. |
|
|
|
E
|
| Edition |
Print involving resetting;
or a book produced to a different format, e g. pocket edition,
paperback. |
| Edition Binding |
An edition of books. |
| EDP |
See ADP. |
| Electrotype |
Electroplated letterpress
printing plate. |
| Elite |
Typewriter typeface having
twelve characters to the inch. |
| Ellipsis |
Omission of words, indicated
by three dots. |
| Em |
Square of the type body.
Commonly, but incorrectly, used instead of pica as a general measure
of 12 points. |
| Embossed Finish |
Paper with a relief or
intaglio surface to imitate wood, cloth, leather, metal or other
pattern or the raised print resulting from printing of an engraved
plate. |
| Embossing |
Relief image to achieve
a raised printed surface, (blind embossing gives an uninked impression
on blank paper). |
| En |
One-half the width of an
em. |
| Enamel |
Term applied to coated
paper or to paper- coating material. |
| Endmatter |
Printed matter (usually
explanatory) following the text of a book, e g. appendices, bibliography,
index etc. |
| Endnotes |
Explanatory material printed
at the end of a chapter, article or text. |
| Endpapers |
An integral step in bookbinding
casebound books. A folded pair of papers attached to the first
and last signatures of a book, one fold is pasted to the inside
cover, to cover the edges of the book cover fabric. |
| English Finish |
Book paper with a smoother,
more uniform surface than machine finish. |
| Errata Slips |
Correction slips - tipped
in or inserted as separate sheets, after printing. |
| Etch |
In photoengraving, to produce
an image on a plate by chemical or electrolytic action. In offset
lithography, an acidified gum solution used to desensitise the
non-printing areas of the plate. Acid solution added to the fountain
water to help keep non-printing areas of the plate free of ink. |
| Even Pages |
Left-hand pages bearing
even numbers. |
| Expanded Type |
Type in which the letters
are wider than normal; extended type . |
|
|
|
F
|
| Face |
Printing surface of type. |
| Facsimile |
Exact reproduction of a
letter, document or signature Sometimes abbreviated as "facsim"
or "fax" A system now widely used for the reproduction
in transmission of printed or typed material. |
| Fashion Board |
Art board used by artists
for illustrations, varying in nature, for line or wash drawings. |
| Featherweight |
Light bulky paper made
with little or no calendering. |
| Feeder |
Section of a press which
separates the sheets and feeds them into position for printing. |
| Feet |
The base of metal type.
Metal type which is not sitting properly on the bed of the machine
is said to be "off its feet" . |
| Felt Side |
Smoother side of printing
paper. The top surface of the sheet in paper manufacturing. The
nature and appearance of paper usually differs on either side
of the sheet. |
| Figure |
Illustration or diagram
printed with the text. |
| Filling In |
(or Filling Up) Letterpress
or offset lithography where ink fills the space between the halftone
dots or areas of type. |
| Fill-Ups |
Material inserted in periodicals
where columns fall short. |
| Filmsetting |
See Photocomposition. |
| Fixing (Solution) |
Chemical solution to remove
unexposed silver salts in an emulsion without affecting the metallic
silver which has been deposited by the developer. The photographic
image is thus made permanent. |
| Flange |
Projecting flat rim on
the edge of letterpress blocks. |
| Flash |
Exposure In halftone photography,
supplementary exposure to strengthen dots in the shadow areas
of negatives. |
| Flat |
In offset lithography,
the assembled composite of negatives or positives, ready for platemaking.
Also, a picture lacking in contrast. |
| Flat Etching |
Reduction of silver deposits
in a continuous tone or halftone plate, by placing it in a tray
containing etching solution. |
| Flexography |
A process involving printing
from rubber or (more recently) plastic plates. |
| Flong |
Papier mache material used
for making "mats" (matrices); the moulds used for casting
stereotypes. |
| Flow |
Ability of ink to spread
over a surface or into a thin film. |
| Flowers |
Type ornaments used to
embellish borders etc. |
| Flush Mounting |
Mounting a relief plate
so that the printing surface is flush with the edge of the block. |
| Flush Cover |
Cover trimmed to the same
size as the text pages, e.g. paperback books. |
| Flush/Range Left (or right) |
In composition type set
to line up on the left (or right). |
| Flush Paragraph |
Paragraph with no indentation. |
| Fly-Leaf |
Blank leaf at the beginning
or end of a book. |
| Flying Paster |
In web printing, an automatic
device that splices a new web of paper onto an expiring roll,
without stopping the press. |
| Fog |
Photographic defect in
which the image is veiled by a deposit of silver, caused by stray
light or incorrectly mixed chemical solutions. |
| Foil Stamping |
Process which employs the
same basic principle as letterpress printing, the ink being replaced
by foil, applied with heat. |
| Folder |
Printed work which is simply
folded. |
| Folio |
The page number. |
| Follow Copy |
Typesetting instruction
to set type in accordance with copy, making no changes in spelling,
capitalisation and punctuation. |
| Font |
Complete range of type
of one size and face. |
| Foolscap |
Imperial paper size, measuring
17" x 13.5"(43.18 cm x 34.29 cm). |
| Footnotes |
Notes set in small type
at the foot of a page. |
| Fore Edge |
Outer margin of a page
opposite side to spine. |
| Foreword |
Prelude to the true text,
usually written by someone other than the author. |
| Form(e) |
Type and other material
locked in a chase preparatory to printing. |
| Format |
Size, style, type, margins,
printing requirements, etc., of any printed piece. |
| Forme Rollers |
Rollers which come into
direct contact with the plate. |
| Fountain Solution |
In lithography, a solution
of waker, gum arabic and other chemicals used to dampen the plate.
Moistened non-printing areas do not accept ink. |
| Free Sheet(Wood Free) |
Paper free of mechanical
wood pulp. |
| French Joint |
In bookbinding a joint
having a deep groove to allow thick binding material (e.g. leather)
to be used without making the book difficult to open. |
| Frontispiece |
Left-hand page illustration
facing the title-page. |
| "F " Stops |
Fixed sizes at which the
aperture of a lens can be set to alter the focal length. |
| Fugitive Ink |
Ink (usually water soluble)
used in security printing to combat forgery. |
| Full Out |
Type set to full measure
with no indentation. |
| Furniture |
Wood, metal or plastic
placed within a letterpress forme to fill the areas between printing
surfaces. |
| Fuzz |
Fibres standing up from
a paper surface. |
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G
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| Galley |
Shallow metal tray used
to hold type. |
| Galley Page Proofs |
Proofs of pages on galley-
length paper . |
| Galley Proof |
Proof of type standing
in a galley, prior to assembly into pages. |
| Gamma |
Photographic term for contrast
resulting from development, not the contrast of the original photographic
exposure. |
| Caralde |
Type face classification
based on the British Standard Type Classification System. Used
to describe Old Style types such as Bembo, Caslon, and Garamond. |
| Gatefold |
Flap from the fore-edge,
with a fold running parallel to the spine of the book. The finished
page is marginally smaller than the normal trimmed page. A double
fold, usually of card or heavy board, from the two outside edges
of a folder The two folded pages meet in the centre of the page,
edge to edge, rather like a double gate. |
| Gathering |
Placing the sections of
a book in correct order before binding. |
| Ghosted |
Details reduced in tone,
to isolate a particular component in a photograph, e.g. an engine
of a motor vehicle. |
| Glyphic |
British Standard type face
classification. Used for types such as Albertus, Latin etc. |
| GM2 |
See GSM. Grams per square
metre. |
| Goldenrod Paper |
In offset lithography,
a specially coated yellow or orange masking paper used by strippers
to assemble and position negatives for exposure onto press plates. |
| Gothic |
Sans serif type. |
| Graduation |
Gradual transition from
one tone to another; ie. dark to light or one colour to another. |
| Grain |
In papermaking, the direction
in which most fibres lie corresponding to the direction that the
paper travels during the papermaking process. |
| Graining |
In lithography, subjecting
the surface of metal plates to the action of abrasives. Greater
water-retention is imparted to an otherwise non-porous surface. |
| Grammage |
Weight of a standard area
of paper expressed in grams per square metre, abbreviated gsm
or gm2. |
| Graphic |
Type classification covering
types which look as through they have been drawn. eg. Old English,
Cartoon. |
| Graphics |
The drawing or design components
of material prepared for printing. These can be hand drawn, derived
photographically or computer generated. |
| Grey Scale |
The range of tones from
white to black, placed at the side of original copy during photography
to measure the tonal range. |
| Gripper Edge |
Leading edge of paper blank
to receive grippers as it passes through a printing press. The
front edge of a lithographic or wraparound plate secured to the
front clamp of plate cylinder. |
| Gripper Margin |
Unprinted blank edge of
paper on which grippers bear, usually half an inch or less. |
| Grippers |
Metal fingers that clamp
on paper to hold it as it passes through a printing press. |
| Groundwood Pulp |
Mechanical wood pulp used
in the manufacture of newsprint and other unsurfaced papers. |
| GSM |
Grams per square metre:
a standard measure of the weight of paper Also expressed as gm2. |
| Guard |
Narrow strip of paper or
other material sewn into a book. It may have a sheet such as a
fold-out map attached. |
| Gum Arabic |
In offset lithography,
used in platemaking and on press to desensitise non- printing
areas of plates. Used with bichromate to sensitise deep-etch and
bi-metal plates. |
| Gutter |
Inner margin of a page. |
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H
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| Hair Spaces |
Very thin spaces between
letters and words. |
| Halation |
(Halo) In photography,
a blurred effect, resembling a halo, occurring in highlight areas
or around bright objects, caused by reflection of rays of light
from the back of negative material. |
| Half-Sheet Work |
See Work-and-Turn. |
| Half-Title |
Title of artwork printed
on the right hand page immediately preceding the title page. Also
known as a bastard title |
| Halftone |
Reproduction of continuous
tone artwork, such as a photograph, with the image translated
into dots of various sizes. |
| Hand Made Paper |
Method of papermaking in
which the operator dips a mould or wire screen into the pulp vat
and lifts it out, taking sufficient pulp to form a sheet of paper.
The fibres are felted together by shaking the mould by hand. |
| Hanging Figures |
Numerals with ascenders
and descenders. Also known as old-style figures. |
| Hanging Indentation |
Arrangement of type in
which the first line of the tat is set full out. Following lines
are indented at the left. |
| Hard Copy |
Product of a word processor
at various stages in data processing or as a check to typesetting.
Hard copy is often used for proof reading and correction of data
where the system does not incorporate a verification stage. |
| Hardware |
Physical equipment of a
computer. Compare with software. |
| Head (Margin) |
Margin from the top of
the type area to the top of the page. |
| Headbands |
Strips of material (often
decorative) placed at the head (sometimes also the foot) of the
spine of a bound book. |
| Hickey |
Spot or imperfection in
printing due to dirt on the press, hardened specks of ink, etc. |
| Highlight |
Whitest parts of a photograph
represented by the smallest dots or the absence of dots. |
| Hot-Metal Setting |
Typesetting systems using
hot metal (e.g. Linotype, Monotype.) |
| Humanist |
British Standard Type Classification
System for types such as Verona, Centaur, Kennerley. |
| Hydrophilic |
Water loving; can be wet
by water, rejects oil. |
| Hydrophobic |
Water rejecting; water
repellent. |
| Hypo |
Abbreviation for sodium
thiosulphate or sodium hyposulphite, a chemical used image on
a photographic film after development. |
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I
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| Ibid |
In the same work. |
| Idem |
The same. Also a trade
name for a paper producing copies without carbon paper. |
| Idiot Tape |
Perforated or magnetic
tape, from the keyboard of a typewriter or typesetting system,
which contains no instructions on hyphenation or justification. |
| Imposed Signature Proof |
Proof of a sect of a book,
usually the first, which carries the title page and other preliminary
matter. |
| Imposition |
Laying out of pages so
that the will be in correct order after the printed sheet is folded. |
| Impression |
In printing, the impression
o plate or blanket as it comes in contact with the paper. |
| Imprint |
Name and address of publisher
or printer or both. |
| Indent |
Blank space at the beginning
of a line or lines. The first line of a new paragraph usually
indented. |
| Index |
Alphabetical listing of
topics or subjects in a book showing the page numbers on which
they appear |
| India Paper |
Thin, strong, opaque paper
(Bible Paper), usually made of rag, suitable for Bibles and other
works which would be of excessive bulk if printed on thicker paper |
| Inferiors |
Small letters or figures
printed below the level of the line or type, as in chemical formulae. |
| Initial Letters |
Large capital letters,
plain or ornamental, used at the beginning of a work and at the
beginning of chapters. These may be "dropped" or "raised". |
| Ink Fountain |
The container which supplies
ink to the ink rollers of a press. |
| InkJet printing |
Images are generated by
shooting small amounts of ink (black or coloured) from the printhead. |
| Insert |
Specially printed piece
for insertion in a publication. |
| Insides |
Term applied to completed
text before binding. |
| Intaglio printing |
Method of printing from
plates or cylinders in which the image is etched or engraved below
the surface, as in gravure or steel or copper engraving. |
| Interface |
Link between various components
of a system, with particular reference to computers. |
| Interleaf |
Leaves inserted between
pages of a book. |
| Interneg |
Negative used to make a
black and white photoprint from a colour transparency |
| Intertype |
Hot-metal slugsetting composing
machine, similar to Linotype; a trade name. |
| IR |
Infra Red. |
| ISBN |
International Standard
Book Numbering system. |
| ISO |
International Standards
Organisation. |
| ISSN |
International Standard
Serial Number. |
| Italic |
Type version where the
letters slope forward as distinct from upright, or Roman, letters.
Used to distinguish word emphasis or where a word is used in a
foreign language. |
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J
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| Jobbing printing |
Printing other than book,
periodical and newspaper work. |
| Jog |
To stack sheets of paper
into a: flush pile |
| Justify |
To space words and letters
to a given measure. Vertical alignment at the right and left of
the column. |
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K
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