[A],[B],[C],[D],[E],[F],[G],[H],[I],[J],[K],[L],[M],[N],[O],[P],
[Q],[R],[S],[T],[U],[V],[W],[X],[Y],[Z]

	A Abbreviation Shortened form of a word. Acronym Word formed from the initial letters of other words, often replaces the original longer title. Addendum Addition after a work has been printed. ADP(EDP) Automatic (electronic) data processing by electronic systems. Against the Grain Folding paper at right angles to the grain of the paper. Agate Line Little used standard of measurement for depth of advertising columns (mainly in press). There are 5.5 agate lines per column centimetre. Airbrush Compressed air gun, shaped like a pencil that mainly sprays watercolour, thin tempera, ink or transparent dye pigment. Air Knife Coating A method of coating used in papermaking. The coating mixture is applied by a metal roller and distributed by a thin, flat jet of air from a slot in a metal blade extending across the machine. Alterations Changes made to copy after it has been set in type. Ampersand The symbol for "and". Antique Book paper having the appearance of hand-made paper. Aperture Card (Slide Frame) Holder which frames a transparency, as in microfilming or for projection. Arabic Figures Numerals in normal use: 1, 2, 3 Roman figures are: i, ii iii. Art Paper Paper, usually of high gloss, coated with china clay. Artwork Drawings, lettering and general ornamentation prepared by the artist in final form for reproduction. Ascender That part of the letter which rises above the main type body, as in "b" Asterisk First of the six reference marks. (*) Author's Corrections Corrections made by the author to modify a proof of the original copy. Author's Proof Proof showing corrections made by the author or editor. Autolithography Lithography from plates prepared or drawn by hand, now usually a form of fine art for limited edition prints. Automatic Typewriter Typewriter designed to respond to commands from a control unit or tape. B Back Inner margin of a page. Backbone Back of a bound book connecting the two covers; also called spine. Back Lining Paper or fabric adhering to the backbone or spine in a hard case book. Backing Binding operation to consolidate the back of a book. Backing Up Printing the reverse side of a sheet already printed on one side. In electrotyping, backing a copper shell with metal to make the plate the required thickness. Bad Break Typesetting the last part of a hyphenated word to appear as the first word on a page. Also, incorrect word hyphenation. Bank Paper Thin, tough writing paper, usually less than 61 gsm in weight. Banker Envelope with the opening on its longer dimension. Base Metal below the shoulder of type. The block on which letterpress printing plates are mounted to make them "type high". Bastard Title See Half-title. Bearer In photoengraving, the dead metal left on a plate to protect the printing surface while moulding. In composition, type-high slugs locked up inside a chase (Q.V.) to protect the printing surface. In presses, the surface-to-surface ends of cylinders that come in to contact with each other. Beating Beating to mesh the pulp fibres in papermaking so that the fibres produce the desired quality of paper. Bed Base on which the type rests on a flat-bed letterpress printing machine. Benday Trade name for a method of laying a screen (dots, lines and other textures) on artwork or plates to obtain various tone and shading effects. Bible Paper Thin printing paper (India paper) used for the Bible and other works to reduce bulk. Bibliography List of reference books included in a book. Bimetal Plate Lithographic plate in which the printing image base is copper or brass and the non-printing area is aluminium, stainless steel, or chromium. Binary Notation Numerical system which forms the basis of computer mathematics. Only two digits are used, "0" and "1". Binders' Board Paper board used in making the cover of a cased book. Bit Contraction of "binary digit"; the binary notation has only two digits, "0" and "1" Bite In photoengraving, the various stages of acid etching, the depth increasing after each bite. Black-and-White Originals or reproductions printed in black (as distinct from multicolour) . Black Letter Old English or Fraktur type classification. Black Printe In colour reproduction, the black plate, which adds contrast, depth and detail to colour illustrations. Blade Coating A method of coating in papermaking. The mixture is applied to the surface by rollers to give a thin, level coating. Excess is removed by a thin flexible metal blade as it smoothes the surface. Differs from air knife coating. Blanket In offset lithography, a flexible fabric clamped around the cylinder, which transfers the image from plate to paper. Bleaching Papermaking process to whiten cellulose fibres. Bleed Where the image extends to the edge of a printed sheet, without leaving a border. Blind P See Paragraph Mark. Blind Image In lithography, a plate image that has lost its ink receptivity. Blind Stamp (Emboss) Design which is stamped or embossed without gold leaf or ink, giving a bas-relief effect. Block See Line Block and Halftone Block. Also see Gold Block. Blocking Lettering or ornamentation impressed into a stock or the cover of a book. Blocking Out Eliminating backgrounds or other portions on a negative by opaquing or masking out. Blowup Enlargement. Blue Key Blueprint of a basic design on glass or a vinyl plastic sheet which contains all elements with register marks. Blueprint In offset lithography and photoengraving, a negative or positive photoprint on paper used as a proof. Body In inkmaking, a term referring to the viscosity, consistency, or covering power. E.g. ink with too much body is stiff. Blurb Publisher's description of a book, printed on a dust jacket or elsewhere. Body Matter Text matter (as distinct from display) . Body Size Depth of a type as distinct from its face size. Body Type Type used for the text of a book, as distinguished from the headings. Bold-Face Type Type that is heavier than the text type with which it is used. Bolts Closed edges of a folded sheet which are opened by trimming or slitting. Bond Paper writing or printing paper where strength, durability and permanence are required. Used for letterheads, business forms, stationery etc. Book Paper General term used to define a class or group of papers having common physical characteristics that, in general, are most suitable for book production. Border Continuous rule or decorative design bordering a type or illustration area or advertisement. Box Type area enclosed by rules. Brace Connecting device for two or more lines of type. Brackets Square brackets or parentheses used as a grammatical device. Break for Colour In artwork and composition, to separate the parts to be printed in different colours. Brightness In photography, light reflected by the subject, used to determine exposure. In paper, the reflectance of brilliance of the paper. Bristol Board White artists' board with a high quality surface, used for line drawings. Broadsheet Standard imperial sheet size of paper Also a large single sheet printed on one side only (poster). Brochure Pamphlet bound in the form of a booklet. Bromide A contraction of photo bromide. An accepted part of the language of advertising. Means black and white photoprint, usually of type, logo or packs, but loosely covers any black and white photograph. See Repro Bromide Bronzing Printing with a sizing ink, then applying bronze or gold powder while still wet to produce a metallic lustre. Brownprint Brown photograph on special photographic paper, used for proofing when exposed to sunlight. The image is impermanent unless fixed. Brush Coating A method of applying coating (pigment and adhesive) to paper by cylindrical brushes or metal rollers. The coating is smoothed by means of oscillating flat brushes on the web as it is drawn tightly over a moving rubber apron or a revolving drum. Bulk Thickness of paper. Burnishing In photoengraving, treatment of a printing plate to darken local areas by spreading the printing surface of lines and dots. Burst Binding A form of binding similar to perfect binding (Q.V.) . C Calender Stack of horizontal cast iron or steel rolls at the end of a paper machine. The paper is passed between the rolls to increase the smoothness and gloss of its surface. Caliper Thickness of paper, expressed in microns. Calligraphy Letters written with a quill-shaped pen. Camera-Ready Copy Complete copy which a printer uses as am original for making a printing plate without further work being necessary. Caps Capital letters. Caps and Small Caps Words with the initial letters in capitals and the other letters in small capitals. Caption Term applied to the explanatory text accompanying an illustration. Carbro Photograph in full colour, used for process colour reproduction. Caret Editing symbol to indicate that something is to be inserted. Cartridge Paper Tough paper, usually with a rough surface often used for drawing. Case In bookbinding, the covers of a hard bound book. Case-Bound Books bound in stiff boards covered by fabric or other material. Casing-ln Insertion of the text contents of a book into the cover boards when binding. Cast Coated Coated paper dried under pressure against a polished cylinder to produce a highly glossed, mirror-like finish. Casting Off Calculating the number of lines of type the typescript or manuscript will make in a predetermined size. Catch Line Headline used to identify the contents of galley proofs. A precis of the following material. Catching Up Indicates that the non-image areas of a lithographic press plate are inking up. Chain Marks Lines on laid paper, parallel with grain, usually about one inch apart. Chalking Improper drying of ink. Pigment dusts off because the ink solution vehicle has been absorbed too rapidly into the paper. Character Count The basis of most typographic decisions. The number of characters in a block of text can help to determine the selection of typeface, type size and type area. Chase Metal frame in which type and plates are securely locked for letterpress printing. Chemical Wood Paper Paper made from wood pulp treated chemically to remove the lignin. See Papermaking. Circular Screen Circular-shaped halftone screen which enables the camera operator to obtain proper screen angles for colour halftones without disturbing the copy. Clean Proof Printers proof which requires no corrections. Close Up Remove word or line spacing. Coated Paper Paper with a surface coating to produce a smooth finish either matt or gloss. Cold Type Type set by direct-impression method or by photocomposing machines. These pro do not use hot metal. Collate To bring sections of a work together correct sequence. Collotype Method of high quality screenless printing using a plate consisting of a gelatine coating on glass. Suitable for short runs on Colophon An ornamental tail-piece once used in books. The title-page now carries this information. Colour Correction Masking, dot-etching, or re-etching, used to improve the quality of colour rendition. Colour Filter Sheet of dyed glass, gelatin, plastic or dyed gelatin cemented between glass plates, used in photography to absorb certain colours and permit better rendition of others. Essential to the old colour separation process cameras now largely replaced by scanners. Colour Proofs See Progressive Proofs. Colour Separation Separation of the colours making up a full colour original, usually into the three primaries plus black, each of which will be reproduced by a separate printing plate. Additional colours are often needed for fine art reproduction. Modern colour separation systems use laser scanners controlled by computers. An artist can pre-separate by using separate overlays for each colour. Column Rule Rule used to separate vertical columns of type in text or in tabulations. Com Computer output microfilm. Material produced in microform from computer input. Combination Plate In photoengraving, halftone and line work combined on one plate: etched for both halftone and line depth. Composing Setting type. Composing Stick A hand tool in which type is assembled and justified. Compositor Tradesman typesetter. Concertina Fold Term used for two or more parallel paper folds which open in concertina fashion. Condensed Type Face A typeface in which the normal width of letters has been reduced. Useful for words displayed in a narrow space. Contact Print Photographic print made from negative or positive in contact with sensitised paper, film, or printing plate. Contact Screen Halftone screen on film having a dot structure of predetermined density, used in vacuum contact with photographic film. Used with photocopiers where continuous tone prints are involved and for facsimile transmission. Contents List of chapter titles, main headings or other divisions of a book inserted in the preliminary pages before the main text. Continuous Tone Photographic image which has not been screened and contains gradient tones from black to white. Contoured See Cut-out Halftone. Contraction Shortened form of a word which ends in the same letter as the word itself. Contour To remove the original photographic image from around a given area by following the shape of the subject so that the surround is white when printed. Contrast Tonal gradation between highlights and shadows in an original or reproduction. Copy Typewritten manuscript, pictures, artwork etc., to be used in the production of printing. Copyboard Frame to hold original copy while it is being photographed by the process camera. Copyfitting In composition, checking type size, arrangement, or content of copy to fit a given area. Copy Preparation In photomechanical processes, directions as to desired size and other details for illustrations and the arrangement into proper position of various parts of the page to be photographed for reproduction. In typesetting, the checking of original copy to ensure a minimum of changes after type is set. Counters Enclosed spaces within a letter, e.g. the loop of the lower case "e" Cover Paper Papers used for the outside covers of catalogues, brochures and booklets. CPU Central processing unit. Components of a data processing system, comprising the arithmetical and logical circuits and the control unit which initiates instructions. Cropping Trimming or masking of unwanted portions of an illustration. Crossline Screen (Glass Screen) In halftone photography, a grid pattern with opaque lines crossing each other at right angles, thus forming transparent squares or "screen apertures". Crossmarks Register marks for accurate positioning of images in step-and-repeat, double or multicolour printing; also in superimposing overlays onto a base or to each other. Crown Imperial paper size measuring 20" x 15" (50.8 cm x 38.1 cm). CRT Cathode ray tube, similar to a television screen, used to generate images in computer typesetting and to display information. Crystallisation Condition in which a dried ink film repels a second ink which must be printed on top of it. CTS Computer typesetting. The generic term used to describe the operations undertaken by computers to assist in the process of typesetting. Curl In paper, distortion of the unrestrained sheet due to differences in structure or coatings from one side to the other. The curl side is the concave side of the sheet. Cursive Italic types. So called because of its broad similarity to the handwritten form. Curved Plate In letterpress, an electrotype or stereotype, backed up to proper thickness and precurved to fit the cylinder of a rotary press. Cut In letterpress, a photoengraving of any kind. Cut-ln Illustration Illustration occupying less than a page width with type set alongside it. Cut-out Halftone Halftone illustration from which the background has been removed. Often referred to as "contoured" Cutscore In die-cutting, a sharp-edged knife, usually several centimetres lower than the cutting rules in a die, made to cut part way into paper or board to facilitate folding. Cyan The blue green component of the standard four-colour printing colours. D Dagger Second of the reference marks, following the asterisk. Also known as the obelisk. Dampeners In lithography, cloth-covered, parchment paper or rubber (bare back) rollers that distribute the dampening solution to the press plate. Dandy Roll In papermaking a wire cylinder on papermaking machines that makes water- marks or wove or laid effects which can he seen by holding paper up to the light. Used in the ù manufacture of better grades of business and book papers. DataBank Storage of information for subsequent processing. e.g. Computer typesetting systems carry large databanks of type styles, sizes and storage of material which has been set. Deboss A plate sunk image. Decimal Point True decimal point, sometimes referred to as the waisted point. For general purposes a dot on the line (a full stop or a one- dot leader) is preferred to the true decimal point. Deckle Edge Untrimmed feather edge of a sheet of paper formed where the pulp flows against the deckle. A characteristic of hand-made paper. Deep Etch In offset lithography, a positive working plate used for long runs where areas are slightly recessed below the surface. In photo engraving, an additional etch given to relief plates to ensure that non-printing areas not receive ink. Deep Page A page with one or more extra lines. Demy Imperial paper size measuring 22.5" x l7.5" (57.15 cm x 44.45 cm). Densitometer Photoelectric instrument which measures the density of photographic images, or of colours. Used in colour printing and quality control to determine accurately whether colours are consistent throughout the run. The densitometer reads the solid colour bars to be seen on the untrimmed printing sheet. Density (Apparent Density) Weight per unit volume of a sheet of paper, calculated by dividing the grammage by the thickness (caliper) expressed as g/cm3, the lower the density, the greater the bulk. Dermatitis Skin disease, characterised by an itching rash or swelling; can be caused by photographic developers, chromium compounds and solvents. Descender That part of the letter which extends below the main body, as in "p". Desensitiser In lithographic platemaking, making non-image areas of a plate non-receptive to ink through chemical treatment of the metal In photography, an agent for decreasing the sensitivity of photographic emulsion to facilitate development under comparatively bright light. Developer In photography, the chemical agent and the process employed to render photographic images visible after exposure to light. In Iithographic platemaking, the material used to remove unlighthardened coating. Diazo Copying or colouring process using a compound decomposed by light. Didone Type face classification using the Standard Type Classification system. Used to describe types where there is a marked contrast between thick and thin strokes such as Bodoni, Corvinus and others. Didot European point size. The Didot point measures 0.3759 mm (0.0148 "). Twelve Didot points equal one Cicero. Die-Stamping Printing from images engraved into copper or steel. Digesting The process by which softwood chips are "cooked" with chemicals to produce pulp for paper manufacture. Dimensional Stability Resistance of paper or film to dimensional changes with changes in moisture content. Diphthong Two vowels joined together, ae etc. Direct Screen Halftone In colour separation, a halftone negative made by direct exposure of a colour image through a halftone screen. Discretionary Hyphen Hyphen inserted at the discretion of a computer operator Display Type used for headings. titles, advertisements etc. Display Type In composition, type set larger than text. Distributing Roller Rubber covered roller which conveys ink from the fountain to the ink drum of a printing press. Doctor Blade In gravure, a knife-edge blade pressed against the engraved printing cylinder to wipe excess ink from non-printing areas. Dot The basic constituent of a halftone. Double Dagger The third of the reference marks; it follows the dagger. Double Dot Halftone In lithography, two half- tone negatives combined into one printing plate, adding greater tonal range than conventional halftones. One negative reproduces highlights and shadows: the other reproduces middletones. DPI Dots per inch. A measure of degree of resolution of a printed image. Standard laser printers print 300 dpi, Linotronics up to 3000 dpi. Draw Down In inkmaking, the ink chemist's method of roughly determining colour shade. Ink is placed on paper and drawn with the edge of a spatula to get a thin film of ink. Drier In inkmaking, a substance added to hasten the drying of the printed sheet. Dropout Halftone with no screen dots in the highlights. Drop Shadow A tone of colour, or line, which falls on one side of horizontal and vertical parts of type, as would a shadow on a three dimensional object. Ductor Roller In lithography, the roller in both the inking and dampening mechanism on a press which alternately contacts fountain roller and vibrating drum roller. Dropped lnitial Initial capital which extends below the first line of the text, lining up at its top with the first line of a chapter. Dull Finish A paper finish with little or no gloss. Dummy Sample of the proposed work prepared before printing to assist in assessing design and estimating production requirements. A binder's dummy is made to establish the exact dimensions of the bound book. Duotone Halftone printed using black and colour halftones, or in any two colours. Duplex Paper Paper having a different colour or finish on either side. Duplicator Paper Smooth, hard-surfaced paper made for use on spirit duplicators. Dust Jacket Wrapper around a case-bound book to protect the binding. Dyeline Proof prepared photographically. E Edition Print involving resetting; or a book produced to a different format, e g. pocket edition, paperback. Edition Binding An edition of books. EDP See ADP. Electrotype Electroplated letterpress printing plate. Elite Typewriter typeface having twelve characters to the inch. Ellipsis Omission of words, indicated by three dots. Em Square of the type body. Commonly, but incorrectly, used instead of pica as a general measure of 12 points. Embossed Finish Paper with a relief or intaglio surface to imitate wood, cloth, leather, metal or other pattern or the raised print resulting from printing of an engraved plate. Embossing Relief image to achieve a raised printed surface, (blind embossing gives an uninked impression on blank paper). En One-half the width of an em. Enamel Term applied to coated paper or to paper- coating material. Endmatter Printed matter (usually explanatory) following the text of a book, e g. appendices, bibliography, index etc. Endnotes Explanatory material printed at the end of a chapter, article or text. Endpapers An integral step in bookbinding casebound books. A folded pair of papers attached to the first and last signatures of a book, one fold is pasted to the inside cover, to cover the edges of the book cover fabric. English Finish Book paper with a smoother, more uniform surface than machine finish. Errata Slips Correction slips - tipped in or inserted as separate sheets, after printing. Etch In photoengraving, to produce an image on a plate by chemical or electrolytic action. In offset lithography, an acidified gum solution used to desensitise the non-printing areas of the plate. Acid solution added to the fountain water to help keep non-printing areas of the plate free of ink. Even Pages Left-hand pages bearing even numbers. Expanded Type Type in which the letters are wider than normal; extended type . F Face Printing surface of type. Facsimile Exact reproduction of a letter, document or signature Sometimes abbreviated as "facsim" or "fax" A system now widely used for the reproduction in transmission of printed or typed material. Fashion Board Art board used by artists for illustrations, varying in nature, for line or wash drawings. Featherweight Light bulky paper made with little or no calendering. Feeder Section of a press which separates the sheets and feeds them into position for printing. Feet The base of metal type. Metal type which is not sitting properly on the bed of the machine is said to be "off its feet" . Felt Side Smoother side of printing paper. The top surface of the sheet in paper manufacturing. The nature and appearance of paper usually differs on either side of the sheet. Figure Illustration or diagram printed with the text. Filling In (or Filling Up) Letterpress or offset lithography where ink fills the space between the halftone dots or areas of type. Fill-Ups Material inserted in periodicals where columns fall short. Filmsetting See Photocomposition. Fixing (Solution) Chemical solution to remove unexposed silver salts in an emulsion without affecting the metallic silver which has been deposited by the developer. The photographic image is thus made permanent. Flange Projecting flat rim on the edge of letterpress blocks. Flash Exposure In halftone photography, supplementary exposure to strengthen dots in the shadow areas of negatives. Flat In offset lithography, the assembled composite of negatives or positives, ready for platemaking. Also, a picture lacking in contrast. Flat Etching Reduction of silver deposits in a continuous tone or halftone plate, by placing it in a tray containing etching solution. Flexography A process involving printing from rubber or (more recently) plastic plates. Flong Papier mache material used for making "mats" (matrices); the moulds used for casting stereotypes. Flow Ability of ink to spread over a surface or into a thin film. Flowers Type ornaments used to embellish borders etc. Flush Mounting Mounting a relief plate so that the printing surface is flush with the edge of the block. Flush Cover Cover trimmed to the same size as the text pages, e.g. paperback books. Flush/Range Left (or right) In composition type set to line up on the left (or right). Flush Paragraph Paragraph with no indentation. Fly-Leaf Blank leaf at the beginning or end of a book. Flying Paster In web printing, an automatic device that splices a new web of paper onto an expiring roll, without stopping the press. Fog Photographic defect in which the image is veiled by a deposit of silver, caused by stray light or incorrectly mixed chemical solutions. Foil Stamping Process which employs the same basic principle as letterpress printing, the ink being replaced by foil, applied with heat. Folder Printed work which is simply folded. Folio The page number. Follow Copy Typesetting instruction to set type in accordance with copy, making no changes in spelling, capitalisation and punctuation. Font Complete range of type of one size and face. Foolscap Imperial paper size, measuring 17" x 13.5"(43.18 cm x 34.29 cm). Footnotes Notes set in small type at the foot of a page. Fore Edge Outer margin of a page opposite side to spine. Foreword Prelude to the true text, usually written by someone other than the author. Form(e) Type and other material locked in a chase preparatory to printing. Format Size, style, type, margins, printing requirements, etc., of any printed piece. Forme Rollers Rollers which come into direct contact with the plate. Fountain Solution In lithography, a solution of waker, gum arabic and other chemicals used to dampen the plate. Moistened non-printing areas do not accept ink. Free Sheet(Wood Free) Paper free of mechanical wood pulp. French Joint In bookbinding a joint having a deep groove to allow thick binding material (e.g. leather) to be used without making the book difficult to open. Frontispiece Left-hand page illustration facing the title-page. "F " Stops Fixed sizes at which the aperture of a lens can be set to alter the focal length. Fugitive Ink Ink (usually water soluble) used in security printing to combat forgery. Full Out Type set to full measure with no indentation. Furniture Wood, metal or plastic placed within a letterpress forme to fill the areas between printing surfaces. Fuzz Fibres standing up from a paper surface. G Galley Shallow metal tray used to hold type. Galley Page Proofs Proofs of pages on galley- length paper . Galley Proof Proof of type standing in a galley, prior to assembly into pages. Gamma Photographic term for contrast resulting from development, not the contrast of the original photographic exposure. Caralde Type face classification based on the British Standard Type Classification System. Used to describe Old Style types such as Bembo, Caslon, and Garamond. Gatefold Flap from the fore-edge, with a fold running parallel to the spine of the book. The finished page is marginally smaller than the normal trimmed page. A double fold, usually of card or heavy board, from the two outside edges of a folder The two folded pages meet in the centre of the page, edge to edge, rather like a double gate. Gathering Placing the sections of a book in correct order before binding. Ghosted Details reduced in tone, to isolate a particular component in a photograph, e.g. an engine of a motor vehicle. Glyphic British Standard type face classification. Used for types such as Albertus, Latin etc. GM2 See GSM. Grams per square metre. Goldenrod Paper In offset lithography, a specially coated yellow or orange masking paper used by strippers to assemble and position negatives for exposure onto press plates. Gothic Sans serif type. Graduation Gradual transition from one tone to another; ie. dark to light or one colour to another. Grain In papermaking, the direction in which most fibres lie corresponding to the direction that the paper travels during the papermaking process. Graining In lithography, subjecting the surface of metal plates to the action of abrasives. Greater water-retention is imparted to an otherwise non-porous surface. Grammage Weight of a standard area of paper expressed in grams per square metre, abbreviated gsm or gm2. Graphic Type classification covering types which look as through they have been drawn. eg. Old English, Cartoon. Graphics The drawing or design components of material prepared for printing. These can be hand drawn, derived photographically or computer generated. Grey Scale The range of tones from white to black, placed at the side of original copy during photography to measure the tonal range. Gripper Edge Leading edge of paper blank to receive grippers as it passes through a printing press. The front edge of a lithographic or wraparound plate secured to the front clamp of plate cylinder. Gripper Margin Unprinted blank edge of paper on which grippers bear, usually half an inch or less. Grippers Metal fingers that clamp on paper to hold it as it passes through a printing press. Groundwood Pulp Mechanical wood pulp used in the manufacture of newsprint and other unsurfaced papers. GSM Grams per square metre: a standard measure of the weight of paper Also expressed as gm2. Guard Narrow strip of paper or other material sewn into a book. It may have a sheet such as a fold-out map attached. Gum Arabic In offset lithography, used in platemaking and on press to desensitise non- printing areas of plates. Used with bichromate to sensitise deep-etch and bi-metal plates. Gutter Inner margin of a page. H Hair Spaces Very thin spaces between letters and words. Halation (Halo) In photography, a blurred effect, resembling a halo, occurring in highlight areas or around bright objects, caused by reflection of rays of light from the back of negative material. Half-Sheet Work See Work-and-Turn. Half-Title Title of artwork printed on the right hand page immediately preceding the title page. Also known as a bastard title Halftone Reproduction of continuous tone artwork, such as a photograph, with the image translated into dots of various sizes. Hand Made Paper Method of papermaking in which the operator dips a mould or wire screen into the pulp vat and lifts it out, taking sufficient pulp to form a sheet of paper. The fibres are felted together by shaking the mould by hand. Hanging Figures Numerals with ascenders and descenders. Also known as old-style figures. Hanging Indentation Arrangement of type in which the first line of the tat is set full out. Following lines are indented at the left. Hard Copy Product of a word processor at various stages in data processing or as a check to typesetting. Hard copy is often used for proof reading and correction of data where the system does not incorporate a verification stage. Hardware Physical equipment of a computer. Compare with software. Head (Margin) Margin from the top of the type area to the top of the page. Headbands Strips of material (often decorative) placed at the head (sometimes also the foot) of the spine of a bound book. Hickey Spot or imperfection in printing due to dirt on the press, hardened specks of ink, etc. Highlight Whitest parts of a photograph represented by the smallest dots or the absence of dots. Hot-Metal Setting Typesetting systems using hot metal (e.g. Linotype, Monotype.) Humanist British Standard Type Classification System for types such as Verona, Centaur, Kennerley. Hydrophilic Water loving; can be wet by water, rejects oil. Hydrophobic Water rejecting; water repellent. Hypo Abbreviation for sodium thiosulphate or sodium hyposulphite, a chemical used image on a photographic film after development. I Ibid In the same work. Idem The same. Also a trade name for a paper producing copies without carbon paper. Idiot Tape Perforated or magnetic tape, from the keyboard of a typewriter or typesetting system, which contains no instructions on hyphenation or justification. Imposed Signature Proof Proof of a sect of a book, usually the first, which carries the title page and other preliminary matter. Imposition Laying out of pages so that the will be in correct order after the printed sheet is folded. Impression In printing, the impression o plate or blanket as it comes in contact with the paper. Imprint Name and address of publisher or printer or both. Indent Blank space at the beginning of a line or lines. The first line of a new paragraph usually indented. Index Alphabetical listing of topics or subjects in a book showing the page numbers on which they appear India Paper Thin, strong, opaque paper (Bible Paper), usually made of rag, suitable for Bibles and other works which would be of excessive bulk if printed on thicker paper Inferiors Small letters or figures printed below the level of the line or type, as in chemical formulae. Initial Letters Large capital letters, plain or ornamental, used at the beginning of a work and at the beginning of chapters. These may be "dropped" or "raised". Ink Fountain The container which supplies ink to the ink rollers of a press. InkJet printing Images are generated by shooting small amounts of ink (black or coloured) from the printhead. Insert Specially printed piece for insertion in a publication. Insides Term applied to completed text before binding. Intaglio printing Method of printing from plates or cylinders in which the image is etched or engraved below the surface, as in gravure or steel or copper engraving. Interface Link between various components of a system, with particular reference to computers. Interleaf Leaves inserted between pages of a book. Interneg Negative used to make a black and white photoprint from a colour transparency Intertype Hot-metal slugsetting composing machine, similar to Linotype; a trade name. IR Infra Red. ISBN International Standard Book Numbering system. ISO International Standards Organisation. ISSN International Standard Serial Number. Italic Type version where the letters slope forward as distinct from upright, or Roman, letters. Used to distinguish word emphasis or where a word is used in a foreign language. J Jobbing printing Printing other than book, periodical and newspaper work. Jog To stack sheets of paper into a: flush pile Justify To space words and letters to a given measure. Vertical alignment at the right and left of the column. K K Abbreviation for a quantity of 1,000. Keep Down Use lower case type except where capitals are specifically marked. Keep Standing Retention of type for possible reprinting. Kern(ing) In metal type, that part of a letter which overhangs the type body. Kerning involves closing up type where the letter shape results in uneven letter spacing, eg. LT Key To code copy to a layout by means of symbols, usually letters. Insertions are sometimes "keyed" in like manner. In lockup, a device for operating quoins. Keyline Drawing Simplified overlay with instructions as a guide to illustrated material. Key Plate In colour printing, the plate (usually black) used as a guide for the register of other colours. Kraft Paper or board made from unbleached wood pulp (brown in colour) by the sulphite process. L Lacquer Clear coating, usually glossy, applied to a printed sheet for protection or to enhance appearance. Laid Paper which, when held to the light, shows a series of ribbed lines. Wire vertical or chain lines, horizontal or laid lines close together. Caused by the pattern on the dandy roll. Laminate Bonding clear plastic film by heat and pressure to a sheet of paper to protect the print and improve its appearance. Landscape Page or illustration wider than it is deep. Large Post Imperial paper size, 21 " x 16.5 " (53.34 cm x 41.91 cm). Layout Sketch or plan specifying size, position of type and illustrations, treatment of headings etc. Widely used in the preparation of advertisements. Leaders Line of dots to lead the eye from one point to another, as in tables. Lead In composition, a thin strip of metal used for spacing between lines of type Leaf Two pages of a book; the front and back of a single piece of paper Ledger Paper Business paper used for keeping records, subjected to wear, thus needing a high degree of durability and permanence. Legend Explanatory symbol detail included within the boundaries of a map or illustration. Letterset(Dry Offset) Printing process which uses a blanket (like conventional press) to transfer an image from plate to paper. Unlike lithography, it uses a relief plate and requires no dampening system. Letterspacing Spacing between letters. Letterpress Printing direct from upraised type or blocks. Library Binding Strong binding suitable for library book usage. Special binding services for libraries. Ligature Tied letters such as ff, ffi cast as a single piece of type. Line Block Letterpress engraving consisting of lines rather than halftone dot screen. No process graduation of tone. Line Copy Copy suitable for reproduction without using a screen. Lineale A type face classification which is subdivided into four groups: Grotesque, Neo-grotesque, Geometric and Humanist. Lineale faces are also known as Sans serif. Lining Figures Numerals of the same height as the capital letters of a typeface. Also known as modem figures. Linofilm (Linotron) Phototypesetting system, trade names. Linotype Composing machine which sets type in solid lines, known as "slugs"; a trade name. Literals Typesetting errors, wrong letters, wrong fonts, misspellings etc. Lithography Printing by planographic process (Q.V.) Loading Process by which china clay, titanium dioxide or barium sulphate is added to paper to improve, opacify and whiten the surface. Loc.cit In the place cited. Lockup In letterpress, to lock a forme in a chase for printing. Logotype (or Logo) Trademark or corporate mark. A unique design used in letterheads, advertising and printed matter. Long lnk Ink that has good flow to press ink rollers. Lower Case Small letters in type as distinct from capital letters. Ludlow Semi-automatic hot-metal compassion system; a trade name Lumitype Phototypesetting system, later known also as the Photon; a trade name. M M Abbreviation for a quantity of 1000. Machine Coated Paper machine coated on one or two sides during paper making. Machine Direction Grain of the paper resulting from water travelling across the fibres during manufacture. Machine-Finish (MF). Paper which has received no additional finishing process after leaving the paper machine. Magenta The bluish-red component of the standard four-colour printing ink colours. Magnetic Tape Magnetised plastic tape coated with ferrous oxide; used to store information. Make-Ready Final machine preparation for printing to ensure an even impression over the entire printing area. Can be a significant percentage of the costs of printing, particularly for short runs of colour work. Make Up Arrangement of type-matter and illustrations into pages. Manuscript Originally "handwritten', usually applied to the onginal text of a book. Marbled Paper A simulated marble finish applied to paper by floating an oil based ink on the surface of water. Often used as end papers in books. Margins Space surrounding the print area of a page. Mask In colour separation, an intermediate photographic negative or positive used in colour correction of an original. In offset lithography, opaque material used to cover or remove areas of printing plates during exposure. Masking A method of removing or shaping illustrations or maps. Can be used to change the proportions of a photograph or picture. Masstone Colour of solid ink. Ink usually appears as a different colour when printed. Matrix Mould in which type is cast in linecasting machines. In stereotyping, the paper mould or mat made from a type form. Matt Finish Paper finish without gloss. Matt Print Photoprint having a dull finish. Measure Width to which type is set. Mechanical (Pasteup) Assembly Page layout prepared as an original for photo-mechanical reproduction. Mechanical Tints Preprinted patterns Used to simulate shading or textures. Are available in screen form or as rubdown transfers. Mechanical Wood Paper Paper made from mechanically treated wood paper pulp. Microfiche Sheet of microfilm usually 150mm x 105mm on which a series of small images is arranged in a grid. Microfiche Reader Viewing device which enlarges microfiche images. Microfilm Film in various forms (eg rolls, sheets) on which images are greatly reduced in size for the purposes of storage or filing. Microform General term to describe images reproduced in miniature, usually on roll or fiche. Middletones Tonal range between highlights and shadows of a photograph or reproduction. Mitre To cut the ends of rules and borders, at an angle of 45 degrees, so that the corners join at right angles. Mock-up Model of the finished book or magazine with essential detail sketched in. Modem A contraction of 'modulator-demodulator' A link between computers, or computers and information services, through the telephone system. Modern Figures See Lining Figures. Moire Screen pattern in printing caused by overlaying conflicting screen angles. Resembles the moire pattern in silk. Monophoto Filmsetting system of type based on the Monotype system of hot-metal compassion, Monotype Typesetting system consisting of separate keyboard and typecasting machines; a trade name. Montague Combination of related pieces of copy appearing as one to tell a complete story. Mortise To remove part of a mounted letterpress engraving to permit the insertion of type or other matter. Mottle Spotty or uneven appearance of printing. Mould-Made Paper Imitation hand-made paper produced on a flat or cylindrical mould whose surface is divided into sections by thin rubber strips. Mount Base on which a letterpress engraving is fastened to bring it up to type height. Mount Flush To mount a letterpress block on its base without flanges at one or more edges. Mouse A small, mouse-like, hand-held device used to control and direct computer screen cursors. Mutton See Em. Mullen Tester Machine for testing the bursting strength of paper. N Negative Photographic image on film in which black values in the onginal subject are transparent, and white values are opaque; light greys are dark, and dark greys are light. Newsprint Paper made mostly from ground wood pulp with a small percentage of chemical pulp; used for printing newspapers. Nickeltype (Nickelo) In electrotyping, a plate on which the first deposit is nickel and the remainder of the shell is copper. Nickeltypes give sharper definition in printing and are more durable than copper. Nonpareil Type or space of 6 pt size. Nut See En. O Obelisk See Dagger. Oblong (Landscape) Book or brochure wider than it is deep. OCR Optical character recognition of type by a scanner which senses the light reflected from the printed image and provides impulses to recognition circuits to identify each character. Octavo Size of a broadsheet folded to make eight leaves. (Sixteen pages.) Off-Line Equipment Devices to provide services to a video tape editing system without utilising the main (and more expensive) equipment. Offset Printing in which the image is transferred from plate to paper by means of a rubber-covered cylinder. A general term for offset lithography. Offset Paper Paper specially made for printing by offset lithography. Old-Style Figures See Hanging Figures. On Line Equipment The main data processing system. Op.cit In the work cited. Opacity Property which minimises "show- through" of printing from the reverse side of a sheet of paper. Opaque In photoengraving and offset lithography, to paint out areas on negative or positive film not wanted on the plate. Opaque lnk The special ink used to "opaque" or eliminate unwanted features of work on film. Ornament Type borders, flowers, rules used to "decorate" areas of type. Orthochromatic Photographic emulsions which are insensitive to red but sensitive to ultraviolet, blue, green, yellow and orange light. Overhang Cover Cover larger in size than the pages it encloses. Overlay In artwork, transparent covering over copy on which instructions or corrections can be marked. Overmatter Matter which has been set but cannot be accommodated on any page. Also known as overset. Overprinting Double printing; printing over an area already printed. Overrun To tum over words from one line to the next for as long as is necessary after a deletion or insertion has been made Overs Copies of print matter in excess of the quantity required. Overset Type set in excess of space available. P Page-On-Galley Page proofs on galley- length paper. Page Proof Proof pulled after the work has been made up into pages. Pagination Paging of a book and the numbering of the pages. Trade name for an electronic system used in colour scanning. Panchromatic Photographic film sensitive to all visible colours. Paper The word derives from Papyrus, a reed-like plant growing in Egypt along the banks of rivers. Paper Master Paper printing plate used on an offset duplicator. The image is made by hand drawing or typewriter. Papyrus An aquatic plant of the sedge family Papyrus anbquorum, once grew prolifically in Egypt. Paragraph Mark Sixth of the reference marks, following the section mark. Parallel Mark Fifth of the reference marks following the section mark. Also known as' "BlindP" (||) Parameter Measurable or quantifiable characteristic or feature In computer typesetting, line measure, type size and character width, which may alter from job to job, although the basic computer program may remain constant. Parchment A paper-like material used for writing from around 500 B.C., made from the skins of sheep or goats, steeped in lime, stretched pared down to reduce thickness. Parchment Paper A type of paper with some similarity to parchment, made by passing through acid baths. Parentheses Round brackets. Passim Refers to allusions or phrases to be found in specified book or authors work. Hence "Shakespeare passim" Paste Drier Drier used in printing inks, usually combination of lead and manganese compounds. Paste Up Type and illustrations assembled pasted in position. Pasteboard Board made up of several thicknesses of paper glued together. Patent Base A slotted metal base on which unmounted engravings or other plates a secured for printing. Pebbling Process of embossing paper aft printing to give a uniform ripple effect. Perfect Binding See Thermoplastic Binding. Perfecting Press Printing press that prin sides of paper in one operation. pH Number used for expressing the acid alkalinity of solutions. A value of 7 is neutral in a scale ranging from 0 to 14. Solutions of a lower value are acid while those higher are alkaline. Photocomposition Typesetting by photographic means. Also known as phototypesetting filmsetting, cold-type composition. Photographic Proof Proof taken photo graphically from artwork or film to be used for platemaking. Photogravure Printing by intaglio process from plates made by photography and etching Photolithography Lithography from plates prepared by photographic means. (Q.V.) Photomechanical Pertaining to any pro of printing by mechanical means from a graphically prepared printing plate. Photon Trade name for a system of phototypesetting. Pi Type mixed, and in an unusable condition. Pica Em of 12 points; 6 picas make approximately 1 inch. Typewriter face having ten charcters to. the inch Picking Lifting of the paper surface. occurs when ink tack exceeds the surface strength of paper. Pigment The colour particles that give colour, body or opacity to printing inks. Piling The build up or caking of ink on rollers, plate or blanket or the paper build up on the blanket of an offset printing press. Planographic printing Method of printing from a flat surface neither raised or recessed. eg. Iithography. Plate Printing surface such as an electro, a stereo or a litho plate. The name given to an illustration inset in a book. Plate Finish Term describing a smooth, hard finish of paper. Plate-Sinking Impression of an engraving plate on a sheet of paper when taking a print on a hand press. An imitation of this process. Platen Flat surface on a printing press by which the paper is pressed against the type; corresponding part in a typewriter. PMS Pantone Matching System. Internationally recognised system of colour matching and colour specification. Pocket Envelope Envelope with the opening on its shorter dimension. Point A measure used to indicate the size of type, e.g., 6 point, 12 point et. One point measures 1172 of an inch. Porosity Property of paper that allows the permeation of air, important for ink penetration. Portrait Page or illustration deeper than it is wide. Pos S Apostrophe plus "s" added to a noun to indicate the possessive. Positive Photographic image on film or glass which corresponds to the original. The reverse of negative. Pre-Make Ready Mechanical overlays which reduce make-ready time Preface Introduction of work by the author, which precedes the text of a book. Preliminary Pages Pages preceding the main text of a work, sometimes folioed in Roman numerals. Pre- press The whole activity prior to printing. This can involve typesetting, lettering, photographs, drawings, assembly of these components, bromides, colour separations, proofs, film, printing plates. Presensitised Plate A metal or paper plate precoated with a light-sensitive coating. Press Proofs A proof to indicate the appearance of a colour subject printed on a production or proof press. The last proof taken before a print run. Pressure Sensitive Paper Paper coated with an adhesive coating, which will stick on contact. Primary Colours Yellow, magenta (process red) and cyan (process blue) in printing; red, green and blue in photography. Print Area The printing area of a sheet. print areas invariably allow a margin round all four sides of the sheet, "framing ' the area to be occupied by print. Process Lens Photographic lens used in reproduction of line, halftone and colour originals by a process camera. Process printing Printing from two or more colour plates to produce intermediate colours and shades. In four-colour process: yellow, magenta, cyan, and black. Program (Computer) Software instructions designed to control the sequence of a computer operation, usually built into a disc or tape Progressive Proofs In colour separation, a series of proofs of a colour process reproduction pulled in each component colour, and in the correct sequence enabling printers to check colour quality progressively during a print run. Proof (Pull) Reproduction of type or illustrations, prior to final, for the purpose of assessment or correction. Psychrometer Wet-and-dry bulb type of hygrometer. The most accurate of industrial instruments used to determine relative humidity. Pull See Proof. Put Down Reduce from capitals to lower case. Put Up Promote from lower case to capitals. Q Quad Prefix to imperial paper size names to denote a sheet four times the single and twice the double area; e g. Demy 22.5 " x 17.5 " (57.15 cm x 44.45 cm); used principally for designing type sizes. Metal lower than type height used to fill up spaces and short lines in an assemblage of type (em quad, en quad). Quarto The size of an imperial broadsheet folded to make four leaves. Quoins Wedges or mechanical expanding devices used to lock up letterpress formes. R Raised lnitial Initial letter which projects above the first line of type. Raised printing See Thermography. Range To align elements on a printed page, such as illustration and caption. Unjustified settings may range left or right. Raster A computer term for the pattern of scanning lines for cathode ray tube pictures. Reader Person employed to check type proofs. Ream Five hundred sheets of paper. Recto Right-hand page of a book. Reference Marks Signs used to direct the reader from the text to a note. Reflection Copy Opaque copy for reproduction. Must be photographed by light reflected from its surface as distinct from transparencies which are photographed by transmitted light. Register Accurate superimposition of colours in multicolour printing; exact alignment of pages so that they back one another precisely Register Marks Crosses or other marks on originals to act as a guide for platemaking, printing and colour registration; sometimes known as keys. Relative Humidity (RH) Amount of water vapour present in the atmosphere expressed as a percentage of the maximum that could be present at the same temperature. printing paper can be affected by high relative humidity. Relief printing See Letterpress. Render To draw an image by hand. The process of applying pencil, ink, or paint as part of a drawing or painting. Repro Bromide Now widely used as the material supplied by advertisers to newspapers for reproduction as black and white advertisement. A repro bromide is required to have a print-standard image. All detail must be clear, halftone dots should be of correct shape and gradation and in focus. See Bromide. Reproduction Proof In composition, proof of typeface setting suitable for photographic reproduction. Reprography Reproduction by photography; used loosely to describe all duplicating and copying processes, whether involving photography or not. Rescreen Line reproduction of a photograph which has already been screened, to give impression of a halftone. Re-screen The technique of scanning a that has already been screened either in a colour or black and white. Electronic scanners now have a rescreen facility. Resolution The clarity of a reproduced In computer parlance it is expressed by per inch). In printing half tone or colour images, dots per centimetre is used. Reverse Plate Printing plate in which the parts that are usually black or shaded are reversed so as to appear white or grey. Reverse printing Printed image reversed either from right to left, from black to white one colour to another Right Angle Fold In binding, a term used two or more folds that are at 90 degree each other Ripple Finish Irregular paper finish suggestive of ripples, produced by an embossing process. Roller Stripping Where ink does not adhere to the lithographic metal ink rollers on a press. Rolling Up The inking of the finished litho plate without taking a proof or impression. Roman Normal upright typeface, as distinct from italics or from bold. Rough Artist's sketch or visual, preliminary to preparation of art, photography and type. Rounding Process by which the sewn and trimmed sections of a book are rounded at the binding edge to eliminate swelling at the back. Routing Cutting away the non-printing area of a letterpress plate. Royal Imperial paper size, measuring 25 " x 20" (63.5cm x 50.8cm). Rubbermark Alternative to a watermark: the pattern is impressed into the wet web of paper during paper making. Rub-Proof In printing, an ink that has reached maximum dryness and does not mar with normal abrasion. Rule Printed line. Run Number of copies to be printed. Run-Around A type area set in measures adjusted to fit around a picture. Run On Sentences set to follow each other without a paragraph break; to start chapters without beginning a fresh page; additional copies while the job is still on the machine. Running Head Title repeated at the top of each page of a book. Running Headline Brief descriptive heading printed at the top of a page. S S Pos Singular apostrophe placed after the terminal letter of a noun to indicate the possessive, after the "s" of a plural noun. Saddle-Stitching Securing pages by wire staples through the centre fold. In saddle-stitched work the printed sections are inserted one inside the other. Safelight Special darkroom (usually red) lamp used for illumination without fogging sensitised materials. Sans Serif Typeface without serifs, loosely referred to as "Sans" Scaling Determining the proper size for an image to be reduced or enlarged. Scan The electronic process that converts an image from its original form to an electronic system capable of colour separations and film for printing plates. Scanner Electronic device used in the making of colour separations. Scoring Furrowing a sheet, particularly if it is heavy stock, so that it will fold without cracking. Screen Photo screen used to convert a continuous tone image to a dot formation. The greater the number of lines to a centimetre the finer the screen. Screen Angles In colour reproduction, angles at which a halftone screen or the original itself are placed for each of the colour separation negatives, in order to prevent formation of interference patterns (moire) in the completed colour reproduction. Angles of 30 degrees between colours produce minimum patterns. Screen printing See Silk Screen. Screen Ruling Number of lines per centimetre on a contact screen or ruled glass halftone screen. Screened Print In photography, a print made from continuous tone copy screened during exposure. Script Typeface classification, indicating a cursive type. Hand lettering to imitate the handwritten form. Scum In offset lithography, a greasy film which tends to sensitise non-image areas in a plate to accept ink. Section Mark Fourth of the reference marks following the double dagger. Self-Cover Cover printed on the same stock as a book. Separation Separation of colours preparatory to printing. Serial Publications Magazines, journals et. issued in instalments. Serif Short cross-lines at the ends of the main strokes of letters in some typefaces. Set Flush Set full measure without indention. Set-Off In presswork, when the ink of a printed sheet rubs off or marks the next sheet as iti s being delivered. Also called offset. Sexto Size of a sheet folded to make six leaves. Shadow Darkest parts in a photograph, represented in a halftone by the largest dots. Sharpen To decrease in strength, as when halftone dots become smaller; opposite of "thicken" or "dot spread" Sheet See Signature Sheetfed Prints separate sheets as distinct from web presses, that print from reels of paper. Sheetwise To print one side of a sheet of paper, with one forme or plate, then tum the sheet over and print the other side with another forme using same gripper and side guide. Sheetwork See Work-and-Back. Short-Grain Paper Paper in which the machine direction is parallel to its shorter dimension. Short Ink Ink that is buttery and does not flow freely. Show Through Condition where printing on one side of paper can be seen from the other side. Sl (Systeme Internationale) System of metric measurement. Side Heading Heading set to the left of the page or column as a separate line. Side Stitching Securing sections of a book by inserting stitches through from the first sheet to the last. Sidenotes Notes appearing in the margin alongside the passages to which they refer. Signature The name given to a printed sheet after it has been folded. Also the sections (sixteens or eights) of a book which are gathered for binding. Signature Mark Used in bookwork as a guide o gathering. The signature mark is usually a small capital letter, but may also be a figure or bar printed at the bottom of the first page of each section (signature) of the book. The sequence of signatures is progressive throughout the book. Silk Screen (Screen printing) Method of printing from stencils through a fine mesh of silt, metal or other material. The stencils may be photographic or cut by hand. Sizing Treatment of paper to resist the penetration of liquids or vapours. Skid Platform support for a pile of cut sheets. Slab-serif Typeface classification. Cairo is a slab-serif type. Slitting Cutting printed sheets or webs into two or more sections by means of cutting wheels on a press or folder. Small Caps Alphabet of small capital letters available in most Roman typefaces approximately the size of the lower case letters. Used in combination with larger capital letters. Smashing Flattening or compressing (the sheets of a book) before binding. Soft lnk Descriptive of consistency of lithographic inks. Soft Dot When halation or fringe around the edge of a dot is excessive and almost equals the area of the dot itself, the dot is called soft. It can be seen with dark field illumination. Software Programs with the hardware of a computer typesetting system. Solid Matter Type set without extra space between the lines. Solidus Oblique stroke or diagonal, e g. visual/comprehensive. Spaced Galleys Galley proofs in which the required space has been inserted above and below quoted matter, headings, tables et. Specification Sheets Detailed instructions for printing, covering such items as type, weight of paper, ink, etc. Specimen Pages Prepared to show typestyle, make-up, imposition and trimming. Spill Type that overruns a page. Spine Part of a book's cover or jacket, visible when the book is on a shelf. Spiral Binding Book bound with wires in form inserted through holes punched along the binding side. Standing Matter Type, blocks, stereotype moulds, lithographic negatives or plates stored for re-use. Static Neutraliser Printing press attachment designed to remove static electricity from paper to avoid ink set-off and feed problems with paper. Step-up (Step-and-Repeat) A system of repeating an image on a plate by stepping it into position according to a predetermined layout. Used for multiple printing of packs on a sheet. Stereotype Plate cast in molten metal from a matrix or mould on which a replica of the type and any illustrations has been impressed. Stet Means "let it stand" It is written on the margin of a proof or manuscript to cancel an alteration, the word or words to be restored being underlined with dots. Stipple To engrave in dots. A mechanical screen test. Stock Paper or other matnal to be printed. Stopping Out Opaquing of parts of photographic negatives; staging of halftone plates during relief etching; protecting certain areas of deep-etch plates so that no ink will be deposited on protected areas. Strawboard Cheap board used in bookbinding for front and back covers. The board is covered by suitable cover material, e.g. cloth or hide. Strike Through The penetration of ink through paper during printing. Strip To combine two or more negatives or positives in an illustration. StripPages Pages proofed on galley-length paper. Stripping In offset lithography, the positioning of negatives (or positives) prior to platemaking. Style Sheets Normally comprise two or more composite pages of printed matter with instructions on typesetting, margins, makeup, treatment of headings etc. Sulphite Pulp Paper pulp made from wood cooked under pressure in a solution of caustic soda and sodium sulphide. Known as kraft. Supercalender In papermaking, a calender stack, separate from the papermaking machine, with alternate metal and resilient rolls, used to produce a high finish on paper. Super Calendered Paper Paper which has been passed between heavy rollers to give a smooth surface of moderate gloss. Superiors Small letters or figures appearing above the level of the line of type. Often used to indicate notes and references, or to indicate powers. Surprint Exposure from a second negative superimposed upon a previously exposed image of the first negative. Swash Letters Ornate letters. usually capitals in an italic font. System Board Type of board used for card indexes, punch cards and other data processing purposes. T Tabular Work Statistical and other matter set in columns to form a table. Tack Viscosity Property of cohesion between particles of an ink against another surface. Tacky ink does not break apart readily. Tad Margin from the bottom of the type area to the bottom of the page. Tail-Piece Illustration or decoration at the end of a book or chapter. Take Copy divided into consecutively numbered batches (takes) for distribution among the operators. Ten Pitch Typewriter faces which have ten characters to the inch. See Pica. Text Body matter of a page or book, as distinguished from headings. Text Paper General term applied to high quality antique or laid papers, made in white and colours; used for booklets, programs, announcements and advertising printing. Thermography Process by which an image is first printed by letterpress, lithography or screen printing using a special slow-drying ink, dusked with a fine resinous powder and finally subjected to heat, thus fusing the resin into a glossy raised image Gives the impression of an "engraved" image. Thermoplastic Binding (Perfect or Burst Binding) Form of binding in which the pages are attached to the cover by means of a heat-set plastic. See Perfect Binding or Burst Binding. Throw Out Folded map or plan printed and bound in a book to fold out to a size larger than the page size. Thumb Index Alphabetical or subject index cut into the fore-edge of a book (thumb cut) to facilitate quick reference. Dictionaries are sometimes thumb cut. Tints Even tone areas (strengths) of a solid colour. Tipped in Illustration or other matter printed separately from the main work and pasted in correct position at its inner edge to the page following or preceding it. Tissue Overlay Thin, translucent paper placed over artwork for protection also used to indicate colour break and corrections. Title Page Right-hand page at the front of a book following the half-title page. Title Page shows the title of the book, the author's name, the publisher's name and the year of publication. ToneDrawings Drawings which cannot be reproduced by line because they use brush, wash or other forms of shading to merge gradually from black to white. Tone Drop Out Photograph treated to remove the halftones to enable it to be reproduced in line form. A similar result can be achieved by photocopying a photograph using a line process negative. Tooth Quality of paper which causes it to take ink readily. Transitional Typeface classification referring to type designs midway between traditional and modem type designs. Transparency Monochrome or full-colour photographic positive or picture on a transparent support, intended for viewing and reproduction by transmitted light. Transparent See Show-Through. Transparent lnks Inks which permit under- printing to show through; the two colours blending to produce a third. Transpose To move letters, words, lines paragraphs etc. from one position to another. Trapping of Inks Proper trapping is the condition when the same amount of ink transfers to previously printed ink as to blank paper. Trim To take a small cut off the outer edge. Trim Marks Marks placed on copy to indicate the edge of the page for trimming. TTS Teletypesetting; a trade name. Turnover If setting occupies more than one line, the second and subsequent lines are called turnovers. Twelve Pitch Typewriter faces which have twelve characters to the inch. See Elite. Twin Wire Papers Papers made in two halves and joined while still wet so that they have the same surface on each side of the sheet. Type Area Printed area of a page. Type Gauge Printer's tool calibrated in picas used to measure the various sizes of type and measure of setting. Type Height Uniform height (23 .32 mm or 0.918 ") at which type is cast and illustrations are mounted so that a uniform impression will be achieved. Type High 0.918 " (23 .3172 mm); the standard in letterpress. Typescript Typewritten copy. U Underline Rule printed under a word or words. Also for marking copy and proof See Type Corrections. Unders Number of copies short of the quantity ordered. Uniset Systems of computer typesetting in which all characters are the same width, as on an ordinary typewriter Sometimes called unispace. Unjustified Type set so that successive lines are of different widths. -Up In printing, two-up, three-up, etc refers to imposition of material to be printed on a larger size sheet than would be necessary for only that material, to take advantage of full press capacity. Upper Case Capital letters. UV Ultraviolet rays used as an ink vehicle drying method. V Vacuum Frame An exposure frame in which the negative (or positive) is held directly to the plate by vacuum. In photography, used for contact printing. Varnish Thin, protective coating applied to a printed sheet for protection or appearance. In inkmaking, it can be all or part of the ink vehicle. Vehicle The fluid component of ink which acts as a carrier for the pigment. Vellum An early paper-like material similar to parchment. Made from the skins of young calves or stillborn lambs. Was in use through the Middle Ages. Vellum Finish A toothy paper finish which is relatively absorbent for fast ink penetration. Veranda Projection of the boards beyond the head, fore-edge and tail of a book. Sometimes known as squares. Verko An embossed printing effect achieved by the use of special inks and powders. See Thermography. Verso Left-hand page of a book. Vignette Illustration in which the tone fades gradually away until it blends into the unprinted paper Viscosity A broad term emcompassing the properties of tack and flow of printing inks. Visuals Rough sketches, prepared by a designer in deciding the layout of printed matter. W Waisted Point See Decimal Point. Walk Off In lithography, the failure of part of an image to adhere to the metal plate during printing. Washup Process of cleaning the rollers, forme or plate, and sometimes the fountain of a press. Watermark A name or design impresssed into paper by the raised pattern of the dandy roll during paper manufacture. Wax Engraving A method of reproducing ruled forms and maps by cutting lines into a wax case backed by a thin sheet of copper, moulding or stamping type, then electrotyping. Web Paper not cut into sheets but reeled. Thus web-fed, web-offset. Web Press A press which prints from rolls (or webs) of paper. Web Tension Amount of pull or tension applied in the direction of travel of a web of paper by the action of a web-fed press. White Part of the page on which printing does not appear in tabular work, the space normally occupied by a single line of type; thus, one white, two whites etc. White Out To space out type so that it will fill the required area. To delete unwanted mattter with white correcting fluid or paint. Widow In composition, a single word in a line ending a paragraph: frowned upon in good typography. X Y Z